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ASALSACH
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ASAL SACH / SPECIAL COLLECTION / 2014—

Rights.
Remembered.
Accounted for.

Muslim rights in India: a dated record of violence, discrimination, state action and the pursuit of justice.

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AI-generated editorial illustration · not incident evidence
FROM INCIDENT TO ACCOUNTABILITY

Every case has a history. Every claim needs scrutiny.

Scope: the period after the BJP formed the Union government in 2014. This is a time boundary, not a finding that one party or government caused every incident. Central, state, police and non-state roles are identified separately.

46historical case files
8recent related reports

Counts describe this collection, not the total number of incidents in India. This is a growing, non-exhaustive archive.

Allegation ≠ conviction. An appeal ≠ reversal of an acquittal. Each card dates its documented milestone; later proceedings are added after verification.

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The case files

46 / 46
Mob violence01
Original timeline graphic: Mohsin Shaikh. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Maharashtra

Mohsin Shaikh

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Trial court acquittals

The 2014 killing is recorded alongside the acquittals and the family’s objection, without presenting acquitted people as convicted attackers.

Actor & scope of this record

Accused HRS members; Pune prosecution

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence02
Original timeline graphic: Mohammad Akhlaq. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Mohammad Akhlaq

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Withdrawal request rejected

The December 2025 order kept the prosecution alive after the 2015 Dadri lynching. It was not a verdict on the accused’s guilt.

Actor & scope of this record

Mob attack; Uttar Pradesh prosecution

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence03
Original timeline graphic: Zahid Bhat: Udhampur. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Jammu and Kashmir

Zahid Bhat: Udhampur

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Death in hospital; murder investigation

The October 2015 record concerns a petrol-bomb attack on a coal-carrying truck and the response after its conductor died.

Actor & scope of this record

Petrol-bomb attackers; J&K police investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence04
Original timeline graphic: Noman’s case. Dates mark the 18 October arrest announcement and 30 October 2015 investigation report, not a verified assault date.Himachal Pradesh

Noman: Sirmaur case

Arrest announcement
MILESTONE
Arrests and competing claims in October 2015

Police investigated a fatal assault on men travelling with cattle; this record distinguishes allegations from findings.

Actor & scope of this record

Mob attackers; Himachal Pradesh police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence05
Original timeline graphic: Latehar cattle traders. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Jharkhand

Latehar cattle traders

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Eight sentenced to life in 2018

The archive records the deaths of Mazlum Ansari and Imtiyaz Khan and the trial-court punishment.

Actor & scope of this record

Convicted cow-vigilante attackers

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence06
Original timeline graphic: Mohammad Ayub. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Gujarat

Mohammad Ayub

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Three arrests followed the fatal assault

The case concerns an assault after a vehicle chase and collision, with the alleged vigilante connection requiring attribution.

Actor & scope of this record

Suspected cow-vigilante attackers; Ahmedabad police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence07
Original timeline graphic: Pehlu Khan. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Rajasthan

Pehlu Khan

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Family appeal admitted

The High Court admitted the family’s appeal in September 2021. Admission of an appeal did not overturn the acquittals.

Actor & scope of this record

Cow vigilantes; Rajasthan investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence08
Original timeline graphic: Nagaon: two men killed. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Assam

Nagaon: two men killed

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Abu Hanifa and Riazuddin Ali died

The two victims belong to one incident record, not two separate attacks.

Actor & scope of this record

Village mob; Assam police investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence09
AI-generated editorial illustration of an anonymous confrontation in a fictional Indian train coach. It does not depict Junaid Khan, the accused, or the actual attack.AI illustrationHaryana

Junaid Khan: train case

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
2017 CBI-transfer plea rejected

This is the June 2017 Haryana train case, distinct from the Nasir and Junaid deaths in 2023.

Actor & scope of this record

Train passengers accused; Haryana police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence10
Original timeline graphic: Alimuddin Ansari. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Jharkhand

Alimuddin Ansari

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Eight granted bail pending appeal

The Ramgarh case file separates the March 2018 convictions and sentences from the June bail decision.

Actor & scope of this record

Convicted mob attackers; state prosecution

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence11
Original timeline graphic: Jalpaiguri cattle-van case. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.West Bengal

Jalpaiguri cattle-van case

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Hafizul Sheikh and Anwar Hussain killed

Two men travelling in a cattle van were killed in Jalpaiguri on 27 August 2017.

Actor & scope of this record

Village mob; West Bengal police investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence12
Original timeline graphic: Umar Khan. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Rajasthan

Umar Khan

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Two arrests announced in murder investigation

The murder investigation and a separate cattle-transport allegation must not be conflated.

Actor & scope of this record

Alleged cattle vigilantes; Alwar police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Targeted killing13
Original timeline graphic: Afrazul Khan. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Rajasthan

Afrazul Khan

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Widow’s independent-probe plea considered

A dated record of the Rajsamand killing and the widow’s Supreme Court petition.

Actor & scope of this record

Accused attacker Shambhulal Regar; Rajasthan investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence14
Original timeline graphic: Qasim / Hapur. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Qasim / Hapur

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Ten given life imprisonment

The March 2024 verdict also addressed the assault on survivor Samaydeen and offences involving communal enmity.

Actor & scope of this record

Mob attackers; police investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Court safeguard15
Original timeline graphic: Anti-lynching directions. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.National

Anti-lynching directions

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Prevention and accountability ordered

The July 2018 judgment set preventive, remedial and accountability measures against mob violence.

Actor & scope of this record

Central and state authorities; police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence16
Original timeline graphic: Rakbar Khan. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Rajasthan

Rakbar Khan

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Four convicted; one acquitted

The Alwar court convicted four men of culpable homicide, while acquitting a fifth accused for insufficient evidence.

Actor & scope of this record

Cattle-vigilante attackers

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence17
Original timeline graphic: Shaukat Ali. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Assam

Shaukat Ali

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Survivor’s account and police-verified video

The April 2019 record includes the survivor’s account of religious humiliation.

Actor & scope of this record

Market assailants; Biswanath police inquiry

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence18
Original timeline graphic: Tabrez Ansari. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Jharkhand

Tabrez Ansari

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Ten sentenced to ten years

The July 2023 sentencing concerned culpable homicide. Two other accused had been acquitted.

Actor & scope of this record

Village attackers

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Policy19
Original timeline graphic: Article 370 proceedings. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Jammu and Kashmir

Article 370 proceedings

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Supreme Court upheld abrogation in 2023

The archive records a constitutional dispute affecting Jammu and Kashmir, including the outcome that upheld the Union’s action.

Actor & scope of this record

Union government; presidential constitutional orders

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Policy20
Original timeline graphic: Citizenship amendment. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.National

Citizenship amendment

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Implementation rules notified in March 2024

The policy file distinguishes a special citizenship route from the citizenship rights of existing Indian citizens.

Actor & scope of this record

Union government and Parliament

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Police accountability21
Original timeline graphic: Faizan / Delhi police. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Delhi

Faizan / Delhi police

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Investigation transferred to CBI

The July 2024 judgment criticised police conduct and the investigation, while leaving individual criminal liability for further proceedings.

Actor & scope of this record

Delhi Police personnel; CBI investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence22
Original timeline graphic: Delhi 2020: case record. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Delhi

Delhi 2020: case record

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Victim identities and separate prosecutions

The archive connects victim records from the same period without turning each mention into a duplicate report.

Actor & scope of this record

Multiple accused mobs; Delhi Police investigations

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Demolition23
Original timeline graphic: Prayagraj homes. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Prayagraj homes

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Supreme Court ordered costs in five appeals

The April 2025 judgment found that the authority denied residents a meaningful opportunity to appeal.

Actor & scope of this record

Prayagraj Development Authority; UP government

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence24
Original timeline graphic: Asif Khan. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Haryana

Asif Khan

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Further arrests; motive disputed

His family alleged religious targeting; police described an earlier rivalry.

Actor & scope of this record

Group of attackers; Nuh police investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Police accountability25
Original timeline graphic: Faisal Hussain. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Faisal Hussain

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Murder FIR; independent inquiry demanded

The Unnao record separates medical findings, family allegations and an inquiry demand.

Actor & scope of this record

Uttar Pradesh constables and a home guard accused

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence26
Original timeline graphic: Abdul Samad Saifi. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Abdul Samad Saifi

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Nine arrests reported; motive contested

The assault investigation must be distinguished from disputed communal-motive claims.

Actor & scope of this record

Accused assailants; Ghaziabad police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence27
Original timeline graphic: Tasleem Ali. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Madhya Pradesh

Tasleem Ali

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Acquittal reported by 3 December 2024

The archive retains the later acquittal rather than leaving the record at his arrest.

Actor & scope of this record

Mob assailants; separate prosecution of the survivor

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Police accountability28
Original timeline graphic: Darrang eviction. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Assam

Darrang eviction

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Inquiry report submitted in 2024

The official submission is verified; reported recommendations must be distinguished from a published criminal judgment.

Actor & scope of this record

Assam administration and police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Policy29
Original timeline graphic: Karnataka / hijab. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Karnataka

Karnataka / hijab

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
2022 uniform order withdrawn

The May 2026 policy change allowed limited religious and traditional symbols alongside prescribed uniforms.

Actor & scope of this record

Karnataka state governments

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Demolition30
Original timeline graphic: Khargone demolitions. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Madhya Pradesh

Khargone demolitions

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Demolition disputed; replacement home offered

The April 2022 record separates the government’s encroachment claim from residents’ complaints and an announced remedy.

Actor & scope of this record

Khargone administration; Madhya Pradesh government

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Demolition31
Original timeline graphic: Jahangirpuri demolition. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Delhi

Jahangirpuri demolition

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Supreme Court ordered status quo

The case concerns municipal enforcement after communal violence and the residents’ opportunity to contest demolition.

Actor & scope of this record

North Delhi Municipal Corporation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Demolition32
Original timeline graphic: Javed Mohammad home. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Javed Mohammad home

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Family disputed ownership and notice claims

This is a separate case from the March 2021 Prayagraj demolitions already in the archive.

Actor & scope of this record

Prayagraj Development Authority

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Court safeguard33
Original timeline graphic: Bilkis Bano / remission. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Gujarat

Bilkis Bano / remission

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Eleven remission orders quashed

This archive entry concerns the 2022 release and 2024 ruling; the underlying crimes occurred in 2002.

Actor & scope of this record

Gujarat government remission decision

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence34
Original timeline graphic: Nasir and Junaid. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Rajasthan

Nasir and Junaid

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Monu Manesar granted conditional bail

The High Court considered custody and trial delay; its bail order expressly did not decide guilt.

Actor & scope of this record

Alleged cow vigilantes; Rajasthan investigation

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence35
Original timeline graphic: Idrees Pasha. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Karnataka

Idrees Pasha

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Accused granted bail; no acquittal recorded here

The May 2023 order concerned bail, not a final verdict on the murder allegation.

Actor & scope of this record

Accused cattle vigilantes; Karnataka criminal proceedings

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Police accountability36
Original timeline graphic: Jaipur–Mumbai train. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Maharashtra

Jaipur–Mumbai train

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Murder and enmity charges framed

The case concerns the deaths of an RPF officer and three Muslim passengers; the accused pleaded not guilty.

Actor & scope of this record

Accused RPF constable; railway police prosecution

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence37
Original timeline graphic: Imam Mohammad Saad. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Haryana

Imam Mohammad Saad

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Mosque attack and murder FIR

A separate file records the mosque killing, rather than duplicating the Nuh demolitions case.

Actor & scope of this record

Mob accused of mosque attack; Gurugram police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Demolition38
Original timeline graphic: Nuh / demolitions. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Haryana

Nuh / demolitions

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Court intervention; state denial

The August 2023 proceedings examined due process after demolitions following communal violence.

Actor & scope of this record

Haryana administration

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Court safeguard39
Original timeline graphic: Muzaffarnagar school. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Muzaffarnagar school

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Court required anti-discrimination compliance

The December 2024 order addressed education safeguards following the assault on a Muslim schoolboy.

Actor & scope of this record

Private teacher; UP education and police authorities

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Demolition40
Original timeline graphic: Haldwani: Banbhoolpura. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Uttarakhand

Haldwani: Banbhoolpura

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Demolition followed by violence and curfew

The Banbhoolpura record separates a pending property challenge from a judicial direction to demolish.

Actor & scope of this record

Haldwani municipal and district authorities; police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Police accountability41
Original timeline graphic: Arang: three transporters. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Chhattisgarh

Arang: three transporters

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
High Court declined a fresh SIT probe

Tehseen alias Guddu, Chand Miya and Saddam are recorded together, with the conflicting accounts clearly separated.

Actor & scope of this record

Accused pursuers; Chhattisgarh police and state

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence42
Original timeline graphic: Farid / Aurangzeb. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Farid / Aurangzeb

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Six arrests announced after the killing

The June 2024 case involved a fatal mob assault followed by a separate accusation against the deceased.

Actor & scope of this record

Mob attackers; Aligarh police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Policy43
Original timeline graphic: Kanwar nameplates. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Uttar Pradesh

Kanwar nameplates

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Interim protection extended in July 2024

The 2024 dispute concerned religious identification, food choices and the limits of police powers.

Actor & scope of this record

State police directives; UP and Uttarakhand

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence44
Original timeline graphic: Sabir Malik. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.Haryana

Sabir Malik

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Police said tested meat was not cattle meat

The October 2024 laboratory finding contradicted the beef suspicion surrounding the August attack.

Actor & scope of this record

Suspected cow-vigilante attackers; Haryana police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Mob violence45
Original timeline graphic: Ashraf Ali Sayyed Hussain. Incident and documented milestone dates; not an incident photograph.Maharashtra

Ashraf Ali Sayyed Hussain

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Initial bail cancelled after additional charges

This is a survivor’s assault case, separate from the 2023 train killings.

Actor & scope of this record

Accused train passengers; Government Railway Police

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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Court safeguard46
Original timeline graphic: Demolition safeguards. Dates mark the incident or policy and the documented milestone; not an incident photograph.National

Demolition safeguards

INCIDENT / POLICY
MILESTONE
Supreme Court due-process directions

The nationwide safeguards address executive punishment and legal process; they do not legalise every unauthorised structure.

Actor & scope of this record

Executive and municipal authorities

This record describes the dated milestone. It does not certify every later hearing or a current final outcome.

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